MOTIVES

Primary/Unlearnt/ Physiological/ Biological Motives
 
•  The major primary motives are:
•  Hunger
•  Thirst
•  Fatigue and sleep
•  Pain
•  Sex
•  Excretion
•  Air
•  Warmth and cold

Hunger
•  The most urgent and desirable need in all organisms including human and animals. 
•  Eating is related to the homeostatic mechanism of the body.
•  Psychologists have done research on animals to observe the level of motivation, which showed that internal system, not only regulates the quantity of food intake but also the kind of food that has been taken.
•  The systems that involved in when to eat and how much to eat is a complicated phenomena.
•  It is a proven fact that hunger is not only related with the empty stomach; people whose stomach has been removed still experienced the sensation of it.
•  The animals have taken larger amount of food whenit contains low level ofnutrients as compared to highly nutritive diet; showing that both animals and humans are sensitive about the nutritive value of food.
•  Chemical secretions in blood: chemicals/ hormones secreted by the endocrine gland also play a crucial role in the hunger drive e.g., studies showedthat when glucose (sugar) was injected in rats, they felt less hunger as compared to when they were given insulin which resulted in hunger pangs.

What Role Does Brain Play in Hunger Drive?
•  Hypothalamus, brain’s vital organ concerned with hunger and operates on it by regulating its activity i.e., food intake.
•  In case of injury in hypothalamus, the most apparent change will occur in eating behaviors.
•  Studies showed that when the rats’ lateral hypothalamus was removed; it resulted in starving to death and they refused to eat anything when given food.
•  When the rat’s ventromedial hypothalamus was removed, it resulted in the opposite i.e. extreme overeating behavior; increase in weight by 400 percent than the actual weight.
•  It is a known fact that hypothalamus regulates the huger drive yet it is not clear as to how it operates.
 
External Factors in Eating Behavior
•  Societal rules and conventions.
•  Learn eating patterns from past experiences.
 
Eating-related disorders
•  Obesity
•  Anorexia nervosa
•  Bulimia
 
Weight Set point
•  A certain weight level that the body strives to maintain.
 
Metabolism
•  The rate at which food converts into energy and then is expended by the body.
 
Managing and reducing weight
•  Reducing weight is a tough task so try not to gain too much of weight.
•  Eat wisely and do not be tempted.
•  Slow eating helps.
•  Avoid junk/ fad food.
•  Do regular exercise; aerobics do help
•  Make realistic goals and pursue them strictly.
•  If you failed in achieving the set goal try again and do not feel guilty.
•  Reward yourself off and on…. after considerable intervals.

Thirst
•  We can live without food for several days or even months, but without water, we can hardly live for few days.
•  More than 75% of our body weight is due to the presence of water/ liquid.
•  The thirst drive is largely internal and includes three basic mechanisms: whensalt concentration in our body becomes high, and then it triggers hypothalamus to act, resulting in thirst drive.
•  Secondly, when fluid volume decreases in the circulatory process, then this drive is stimulated e.g. after injury when large amount of blood is wasted.
•  Another important factor is the increase in the body temperature.
•  The replenishment of water is very rapid; that is why we feel thirsty after a very short time.


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