MEMORY III
Memory Disorders/Dysfunctions
Memory loss has long been considered as a result of aging, but now physicians believe that there must be some pathological reasons as well, that cause memoryimpairment: “Memory Cognitive Impairment” (MCI). Although the suffering individuals are capable of doing every day tasks independently, they also heavily rely on using diaries, calendars, reminders etc.
Memory loss has long been considered as a result of aging, but now physicians believe that there must be some pathological reasons as well, that cause memoryimpairment: “Memory Cognitive Impairment” (MCI). Although the suffering individuals are capable of doing every day tasks independently, they also heavily rely on using diaries, calendars, reminders etc.
Amnesia
• Greek word which means “forgetfulness”.
• Loss of memory with other mental difficulties
• In old age, people are unable to retrieve memories.
• Includes two types of amnesia.
• Greek word which means “forgetfulness”.
• Loss of memory with other mental difficulties
• In old age, people are unable to retrieve memories.
• Includes two types of amnesia.
1. Retrograde amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia]
2. Anterograde amnesia]
Dementia
• Severe and rare disease, mostly affects people in their 60’s and the risk is doubled every 5 years after 60; at 80, one out of every five people develops dementia.
• Symptoms may include repeating things several times, speech problems, intellectual problems, and inability to remember the skills learned early in life e.g., dressing up, tying shoe laces, using knives and forks etc.
• The sufferer is irritable, withdrawn, rude, facing anxiety, depression, suspicious attitude, and aggressive.
• Severe and rare disease, mostly affects people in their 60’s and the risk is doubled every 5 years after 60; at 80, one out of every five people develops dementia.
• Symptoms may include repeating things several times, speech problems, intellectual problems, and inability to remember the skills learned early in life e.g., dressing up, tying shoe laces, using knives and forks etc.
• The sufferer is irritable, withdrawn, rude, facing anxiety, depression, suspicious attitude, and aggressive.
Alzheimer’s disease
• Common cause of memory loss in elderly people.
• Progressive loss of memory including effect on person’s language and recognition of people; also losing way, inability to plan things, difficulty in organizing daily tasks etc.
• Major symptoms include depression, lack of motivation, laziness, agitation, physical and verbal aggressiveness; recent events are forgotten; delusions and hallucinations may also occur.
• Common cause of memory loss in elderly people.
• Progressive loss of memory including effect on person’s language and recognition of people; also losing way, inability to plan things, difficulty in organizing daily tasks etc.
• Major symptoms include depression, lack of motivation, laziness, agitation, physical and verbal aggressiveness; recent events are forgotten; delusions and hallucinations may also occur.
Huntington’s disease (HD)
• Fatal disease that results in involuntary movements and cognitive impairment.
• Genetic disease that runs in families.
• It mainly affects important brain regions such as basal ganglia that have vital role in co-ordination and movement.
• Fatal disease that results in involuntary movements and cognitive impairment.
• Genetic disease that runs in families.
• It mainly affects important brain regions such as basal ganglia that have vital role in co-ordination and movement.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Occurs mostly in adults, and is common in men than women.
• Develops in the age of 40- 70 but also occur in the twenties and thirties as well
• Affects motor neurons of the body (that bring messages from the brain to the different muscles of the body).
• Occurs mostly in adults, and is common in men than women.
• Develops in the age of 40- 70 but also occur in the twenties and thirties as well
• Affects motor neurons of the body (that bring messages from the brain to the different muscles of the body).
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
• Severe and often permanent loss of memory.
• Addicted/ long-term alcoholics are the sufferers of this syndrome.
• Memory impairment occurs because of brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency and alcoholism.
• Major symptoms; hallucinations, Impaired dietary intake, repeating information several times, and inability to remember things.
• Severe and often permanent loss of memory.
• Addicted/ long-term alcoholics are the sufferers of this syndrome.
• Memory impairment occurs because of brain damage caused by thiamine deficiency and alcoholism.
• Major symptoms; hallucinations, Impaired dietary intake, repeating information several times, and inability to remember things.
Motivation
Ask Yourself
• Why do some students want to get an “A” in every exam, and some don’t even bother about it?
• Why do the skydivers love to dive down from hundreds of feet above the ground?
• Why do some people some people run after money and some refuse even the most attractive job offers?
• Why do some people leave their country for earning money and some are contented and happy with whatever is available to them at home?
• Why people become doctors, engineers, social workers, pilots, army men etc?
• And to ourselves, why we want to learn/ know about the particular subject?
Ask Yourself
• Why do some students want to get an “A” in every exam, and some don’t even bother about it?
• Why do the skydivers love to dive down from hundreds of feet above the ground?
• Why do some people some people run after money and some refuse even the most attractive job offers?
• Why do some people leave their country for earning money and some are contented and happy with whatever is available to them at home?
• Why people become doctors, engineers, social workers, pilots, army men etc?
• And to ourselves, why we want to learn/ know about the particular subject?
The answer to all these questions can be explained by understanding the concept of motivation.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is a desire, drive, instinct or need that speeds up our behavior towards some goal. Psychologists are interested in observing and evaluating the factors that motivate or direct human behavior. A MOTIVE is a need or a want that causes us to act. Motivationinvolvesgoal-directed behavior, an interesting field of study that investigates what motivates us to initiate or take action to pursue a goal. Early theories focused on instincts, inherited automatic species-specific behaviors, and drives, physiological compulsions that we need to satisfy such as hunger (food).
Basically, there are two types of motives that are essential for the proper human functioning
I. Primary/ unlearned/ physiological/ biological motives
II. Secondary/ learned/ psychological motives
II. Secondary/ learned/ psychological motives
I. Primary Motives
Concerned with all the biological/ physiological needs of the body. They are also known as unlearnt motives because they entirely include the basic drives such as hunger, thirst, need for sleep, air, excretion etc that do not need any sort of learning.
Concerned with all the biological/ physiological needs of the body. They are also known as unlearnt motives because they entirely include the basic drives such as hunger, thirst, need for sleep, air, excretion etc that do not need any sort of learning.
II. Secondary Motives
Also known as the psycho- social motives because they involve people’s appreciation or appraisal in order to live successfully in any society.
• Also important in the sense that they are the means of satisfying the primary motives such as work and salary, good marks and appreciation from the parents.
• These are a source of mental satisfaction as well.
• The important and interesting fact about motivation is that organisms keep trying to achieve the desired goal. When the goal is achieved, the motivation regresses and when not achieved, the person keeps on trying to achieve it.
• When one motive is satisfied, we start to move forward to satisfy the next need and so on.
• This is how struggle continues throughout our lives.
Also known as the psycho- social motives because they involve people’s appreciation or appraisal in order to live successfully in any society.
• Also important in the sense that they are the means of satisfying the primary motives such as work and salary, good marks and appreciation from the parents.
• These are a source of mental satisfaction as well.
• The important and interesting fact about motivation is that organisms keep trying to achieve the desired goal. When the goal is achieved, the motivation regresses and when not achieved, the person keeps on trying to achieve it.
• When one motive is satisfied, we start to move forward to satisfy the next need and so on.
• This is how struggle continues throughout our lives.
Good Knowledge
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