PSYCHOLOGY

Long-Term Memory This system stores information on a permanent or relatively permanent basis; the information thus stored may or may not be retrieved easily. The term long-term memoryis somewhat broad meaning phrase because it can refer to facts learned a few minutes ago, personalmemories many decades old, or skills learned with practice. Generally, however, long-term memory describes a system in the brain that can store vast amounts of information on a relatively enduring basis. When you play cricket, remember what you had for dinner last night, recall your first birthday party, and remember how to play a board game, or to sing along to a favorite song; for all this you draw on information and skills stored in long-term memory.   Psychologists have different theories about how information enters long-term memory. The traditional view is that information enters short-term memory and, depending on how it is processed, may then be transferred to long-term memory. However, another ...

i.  Sensory Memory ii.  Short - term Memory iii.  Long - term Memory  •  These three are not separate, mutually exclusive, entities found in separate brain centers; •  They differ in terms of the functions they perform and their capacity for retaining information for a specific period of time i.e., for how long can they keep the information stored. •  These are abstract divisions on the basis of their primary characteristics. Sensory Memory   •  Storage of memory lasting for a while; this is the initial momentary stage. •  Sensory memory refers to the initial, momentary recording of information in our sensory systems.   When sensations strike our eyes, they linger briefly inthe visual system. This kind of sensory memory is called iconic memory and refers to the usually brief visual persistence of information as it is being interpreted by the visual system. Echoic memory isthe name applied to the same phenomenon in the a...

Memory refers to the processes by which people and other organisms encode, store, and retrieve information. Memory is critical tohumans and all other living organisms. Practically all of our daily activities—talking, understanding, reading, and socializing—depend on our having learnt and stored information about our environments. Memory allows us to retrieve events from the distant past or from moments ago. It enables us to learn new skills and to form habits. Without the ability to access past experiences or information, we would be unable to comprehend language, recognize our friends and family members, find our way home, or even tie a shoelace. Life would be a series of disconnected experiences, each one new and unfamiliar. Without any sort of memory, it would be impossible for humans to survive. Philosophers, psychologists, writers, and other thinkers have long been fascinated by memory. They have always been wondering about, and working on problems like:   •How does the bra...

In case of humans and animals: •Spatial memory is used for identifying and recognizing the features of their environment e.g. cats find their way back home. •Spatial memory is used for finding important goal objects in their environment. •Spatial memory is used for planning route through an environment.   Use of Cognitive Maps by Animals •Birds coming back to the same place and point after a season •Pigeons carrying messages •Cats coming back home even after a number of days have passed  Use of cognitive maps by humans •Cognitive maps of surroundings, primarily based on particular landmarks are developed by people too. •In their initial encounter with a new environment, they develop cognitive maps based upon specific paths. •As the familiarity with the environment increase, “abstract cognitive maps” are developed i.e., overall conception of environment is developed. •Used by interior designers for planning space and arrangements in the absence of any actual objects....