PSYCHOLOGY

•  Motion simply means the relative/ progressive change in the position of the person in space with time. Objects cannot be perceived fully when in motion. It is also difficult due to the fact that our eyes cannot follow the moving object with great precision and efficiency all the time. Relative Motion •  While looking at moving automobiles, the ones that are nearer seem to be moving more rapidly than those at a moderate distance, and those that are more distant seem to be moving along. •  Relative motion can also be interpreted through experience, when one can fairly tell the speed of a train or a bus by noticing outside the window asto how rapidly the nearby objects are passing.   Radical Motion •  A movement directly towards or away from the observer. Continuous and radical motion is being perceived when the retinal image continuously changes. •  The change in size of the retinal image gives the perception of motion. Perceptual Constancy •  ...

•  The ability to judge distance and depth such as retinal disparity and convergence with two eyes, which are slightly apart from each other. •  Our eyes are slightly apart from each other having a distance of about 2 ½ inches or 6 cm, so the images that fall on the two retinas are slightly different. •  These two slightly different images are then integrated and processed by the brain, but it does not ignore the possibility of difference in images__ known as “ binocular disparity”. i.  Retinal/ Binocular Disparity •  The cue to depth perception, the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images the retinas receive of an object, the closer the object seems to us___ this disparity allows the brain to judge distance.   •  This can be proved with the help of simple experiments done by you. i.e. hold a pencil directly in front of your nose; the retinas of yours will receive different views/ images. Now make them closer firstly to one eye...

Depth Perception •  Depth perception is the perceptual tendency/ ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the image that falls on the retina of the eye is two-dimensional; thus enabling us to perceive distance. •  “Depth Perception” is the skill to perceive depth and distance e.g. we are able to judge the distance of the incoming car, height of the cliff or of a roof top, size of an object, weight of a sand bag etc, in a glance, just by having a look at it. •  This sort of perception is largely due to the factthat we have two eyes which are slightly distant from each other, so the brain integrates the two slightly different images and combines them into one consolidated view; However the differences in images or ‘Binocular Disparity’ is not ignored by the brain.Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk discovered this phenomena in 1960 by using the miniature cliff with a drop- off covered by sturdy glass. •  Placed the young infants of 6- 14 months at t...

Organizing raw sensory stimuli into meaningful experiences involve “cognition”, a set of mental activities that includes thinking, knowing, and remembering. Knowledge and experiences are extremely important for perception, because they help us makesense of the input to our sensory systems. •  We organize our experiences according to certain rules, in a simple way: I.  The Law of Closure. II.  The Law of Proximity. III.  The Law of Continuity. IV.  The Law of Similarity. V.  The Law of Simplicity. VI.  The Law of Common Fate. VII.  The Law of Enclosure/ Connectivity. I.  Law of Closure  The perceptual tendency to fill in the gaps and complete the contours; perceiving the disconnected parts as the whole object. We mentally close the gaps and perceive the figure given below as wholes. II.  Law of Proximity  We have the perceptual tendency to group together the auditory and visual events that are close or near on...